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Load, Capacity, and Why Gradual Is Always the Answer

By Janine Enoch, Founder and Clinical Director, Vitality Physiotherapy

Whether you’re a runner, a desk worker, a gym-goer, or someone who simply bent down to pick something up and felt a sharp pain — there is one framework that explains almost every musculoskeletal injury. It’s called load versus capacity, and once you understand it, you’ll never think about back pain — or injury — in quite the same way.

The Basic Principle

Every tissue in your body — muscle, tendon, bone, disc, ligament — has a capacity. That capacity is the amount of load it can absorb without sustaining damage. When the load placed on a tissue exceeds its capacity, injury becomes more likely.

This can happen suddenly, as in a trauma or accident. But the vast majority of back pain we see in clinic doesn’t happen that way. It happens gradually, when someone increases load faster than their tissues can adapt. A new running programme. A return to the gym after a long break. A week of heavy lifting at work. The load wasn’t catastrophic — it just outpaced the body’s ability to keep up.

The Body Is Adaptive — If You Give It Time

Paralympian performing extraordinary tasks despite assymmetryHere is the part that gets overlooked in most conversations about back pain: capacity is trainable. When load is introduced progressively, tissues respond. Muscles strengthen. Bones become denser. Tendons grow more robust. Discs adapt. The body is not a static, fragile structure — it is a dynamic, responsive system.

Paralympians offer a vivid illustration of this. Athletes competing with significant anatomical asymmetries, limb differences, or structural ‘abnormalities’ perform at extraordinary physical levels. Because their bodies have adapted, gradually and progressively, to the demands placed on them. The body does not require perfection — it requires time.

When Capacity Drops

Capacity isn’t just determined by training history. It fluctuates. And this is why back pain so often seems to come ‘out of nowhere’ — the same movement that was fine last week suddenly causes pain this week.

The factors that reduce capacity include:

  • Poor sleep — even a few nights of disrupted sleep measurably reduces pain tolerance and tissue resilience
  • High stress — the nervous system in a heightened stress state is more sensitised to pain signals
  • Illness — recovery from infection diverts resources away from tissue repair
  • Poor nutrition — inadequate protein or micronutrient intake limits the body’s ability to maintain and rebuild tissues

This means that the injury isn’t always about what you did differently. Sometimes you did exactly what you always do — but your capacity had temporarily dipped, and the same load that was previously manageable was now too much.

What About Deadlifts and Rounded Backs?

Few questions come up more often in clinic. There has been enormous fear — among patients and some healthcare professionals — around spinal flexion under load, fuelled by an older theory suggesting that bending the spine while lifting causes dangerous increases in disc pressure.

That theory was based on studies conducted on cadavers. Living tissue behaves very differently. The current evidence does not support the idea that a rounded back during lifting is inherently dangerous. What matters is whether your tissues have been progressively loaded to handle that pattern of movement. The movement itself is not the problem — an unprepared tissue encountering that movement is.

The Practical Takeaway

If you are currently in pain, the immediate goal is to reduce load to a level your tissues can tolerate — not to rest completely, but to find a manageable baseline and rebuild from there.

If you are returning to activity after a period of rest or injury, the principle is the same: gradual, progressive loading. Slower than feels necessary. With attention to how your body responds. Adjusted based on sleep, stress, and how you’re feeling overall — not just on a fixed timeline.

The question to ask yourself is not ‘did I move wrong?’ It’s ‘did I change something too quickly?’ That shift in perspective is often where recovery begins.

At Vitality Physiotherapy, we build progressive, personalised rehabilitation plans that respect your body’s need for adaptation. Whether you’re recovering from injury or trying to prevent the next one, we’re here to help. Clinics in Southwark (SE1) and Esher (KT10).

The Real Reason You’re Still in Pain

Most back pain episodes resolve within a few weeks. The tissue heals, the inflammation settles, and people get on with their lives. But for a significant proportion of people, pain continues long beyond the point where any tissue damage remains — sometimes for months, sometimes for years.

This is not weakness. It is not laziness. And in the vast majority of cases, it is not structural deterioration. There is a well-understood explanation for why pain persists, and understanding it is often the single most important step in recovery.

Pain Is a Protection System, Not a Damage Meter

 

 

 

 

The most important thing to understand about pain is this: pain is produced by the brain as a protective response, not by damaged tissue. Pain is an alarm — and like all alarms, it can be miscalibrated.

Think of it like a smoke detector. A smoke detector is designed to alert you to fire. But if it is too sensitive, it goes off when you make toast. It is not broken — it is doing its job — but it is responding to a threat level that does not warrant the alarm. Persistent pain works in exactly the same way. The nervous system, having been through an injury, can become sensitised — lowering its threshold and producing pain in response to stimuli that would not normally trigger it.

This is sometimes called central sensitisation. The pain is entirely real. It is just no longer a reliable signal of ongoing tissue damage.

 

 

The Role of Fear Avoidance

One of the most significant drivers of persistent back pain is a pattern called fear avoidance. It works like this:

  • An injury occurs, and pain is experienced
  • The pain is interpreted as a signal of danger — ‘my back is damaged’, ‘I must not move’, ‘this will get worse’
  • Movement is avoided to protect against further harm
  • Avoidance leads to deconditioning — the muscles weaken, the tissues become less resilient
  • When movement is attempted, it feels more painful — confirming the original belief that it is dangerous
  • The cycle reinforces itself

 

 

Flowchart of the Fear-Avoidance Model of chronic pain showing the cycle from initial injury to pain catastrophizing, movement avoidance, and muscle deconditioning

 

Fear avoidance is not irrational. When you are in pain, protecting the area makes intuitive sense. But it is one of the most reliable predictors of back pain becoming chronic — and it is almost entirely driven by beliefs about what the pain means, rather than by the degree of tissue damage.

Research consistently shows that patients who catastrophise about their pain — who believe the worst about what it means and what will happen — have significantly worse outcomes than those who maintain a more balanced view, even when their initial injury is identical.

What the Evidence Says About Recovery

The good news — and this is very well supported by research — is that fear avoidance is modifiable. The most effective treatments for persistent back pain combine movement with education that specifically addresses pain beliefs.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches applied to pain have strong evidence behind them. Graded exposure — gradually reintroducing feared movements in a structured, supported way — consistently outperforms passive treatments such as rest, heat, and medication alone.

Recovery rarely happens in a vacuum. Having an evidence- based clinician who explains what is happening, takes your experience seriously, and walks alongside you through movement makes a measurable difference to how well — and how quickly — you recover.

What We Do Differently at Vitality

At Vitality Physiotherapy, pain education is not an add-on to treatment — it is central to it. We spend time at every assessment exploring what our patients believe about their pain, because those beliefs shape behaviour, and behaviour shapes recovery.

We will never tell you that your pain is ‘in your head’. It is not. But we will explain that your nervous system may have become more sensitive than the situation warrants, and that the most evidence-based path forward involves gradually — and safely — rebuilding trust in your body’s ability to move.

In our next article, we look at the load and capacity model: why most back injuries happen not because the spine is fragile, but because load outpaces the body’s current ability to adapt.

Ready to get help with your back pain? Our physiotherapists at Vitality Physiotherapy see patients at our Southwark (SE1) and Esher (KT10) clinics. Book a consultation today — we will assess your individual situation and build a plan that actually works for you.
Call us or book online at vitality-physio.co.uk

 

Back pain, scans don't tell the full story

Why Your Back Isn’t as Fragile as You’ve Been Told

 

By Janine Enoch, Founder and Clinical Director, Vitality Physiotherapy

You’ve had a scan. The report mentions disc degeneration, a bulge, or some other finding that sounds alarming. Your GP or a previous clinician may have warned you to be careful, to avoid certain movements, to protect your back. And now you’re frightened — not just of the pain, but of making things worse.

Here’s what we want you to know: your back is almost certainly far stronger and more resilient than you’ve been led to believe. The evidence on this is now very clear, and it changes everything about how we approach low back pain at Vitality Physiotherapy.

What the spine actually looks like

The lumbar spine — the lower back — is made up of five vertebrae connected by facet joints that allow you to flex, extend, bend sideways, and rotate. Between each vertebra sits an intervertebral disc, long cast as the villain in the back pain story.

You’ve probably heard the phrase ‘slipped disc.’ It’s one we don’t use, because it isn’t accurate. Discs don’t slip. They are anchored firmly in place by strong ligamentous attachments. A better way to picture a disc is as a car tyre: thick, fibrous outer walls surrounding a more gel-like centre. Robust. Designed to absorb load and enable movement.

Discs can bulge or sustain injury — but this is far less catastrophic than the language around it implies.

What scans actually show us

This is where the science gets genuinely surprising. A landmark systematic review examined imaging findings in over 3,000 people who had no back pain whatsoever. Here’s what they found:

  • By age 40, around 50% of pain-free people had disc degeneration visible on MRI
  • By age 50, the majority showed disc bulges — without any symptoms
  • Facet joint changes and other ‘degenerative’ findings were similarly common across all age groups

The conclusion is unavoidable: degenerative changes on imaging are a normal part of ageing, not a diagnosis. A finding on a scan does not tell you why you are in pain, or even whether it is responsible for your pain at all.

Treating a scan result rather than a person is one of the most common mistakes in back pain management — and one we are very careful to avoid.

The posture myth

Few beliefs about back pain are more entrenched — or less well supported — than the idea that posture causes pain. For decades, patients have been told to sit up straight, to avoid slouching, to buy ergonomic chairs, and to never cross their legs.

The research does not back this up. A study of over 1,100 teenagers found no association between sitting posture and pain. In adults, even workers required to maintain awkward positions for sustained periods show no reliable increase in back pain risk. Experts cannot even agree on what constitutes ‘bad’ posture — the concept owes more to military tradition than to biomechanical evidence.

There is no perfect posture. There is no perfect chair. What matters is that you move — regularly, in a variety of ways, and without fear.

So why does back pain happen?

Back pain is real and it can be genuinely debilitating. But the cause is rarely structural fragility. In the next articles in this series, we explore the neuroscience of pain, the crucial relationship between load and capacity, and what the evidence says about treatment and exercise.

The starting point, though, is this: your spine is not broken. It was built to move, to load, and to adapt. And that is exactly what we help you do.

If you have been told your back is damaged and you’re not sure what to do next, our team at Vitality Physiotherapy can offer a thorough assessment and a clear, evidence-based plan. Clinics in Southwark (SE1) and Esher (KT10).

POST-PREGNANCY RECOVERY Your Complete Guide from a Women’s Health Physiotherapist

Everything you need to know about recovering well after having a baby – backed by clinical evidence, written in plain English.

Having a baby is one of the most significant physical events a woman’s body will ever go through. Yet postnatal recovery is often under-discussed, under-resourced, and misunderstood. This guide answers the questions we hear most often in clinic — honestly, practically, and with your long-term health in mind.

Written by Tamara Figaji, Associate Women’s Health Sports Physiotherapist at Vitality Physiotherapy.

 

Q1  When should I start pelvic floor exercises after birth?

This is one of the most common questions we’re asked — and the short answer is: sooner than most people think.

The first 24 hours

Provided you feel comfortable and there are no complications, gentle pelvic floor contractions can begin within the first day after birth — whether you’ve had a vaginal delivery or a caesarean section. In the early days, these aren’t about ‘getting your pelvic floor back’; they’re about encouraging circulation, reducing swelling, and beginning the healing process.

Even if you can’t feel much at first — especially after a difficult delivery or if you’ve had stitches — that’s normal. The nerve supply to the pelvic floor can be temporarily affected by birth, so reduced sensation doesn’t mean nothing is happening.

The first 6 weeks

During this period, focus on low-intensity exercises. These include:

  • Slow, held contractions: gently lift and squeeze, hold for up to 10 seconds, then fully release
  • Quick contractions: short squeeze and releases to activate fast-twitch muscle fibres
  • Deep breathing with diaphragmatic engagement: your pelvic floor and diaphragm work together

 

Equally important is the release. Many women are so focused on ‘tightening up’ that they forget the pelvic floor must also fully relax. A pelvic floor that cannot let go is just as problematic as one that is weak.

 

⚠️  Important: Not all pelvic floor problems mean weakness

Some women experience pelvic floor tension or overactivity after birth, where muscles are tight and unable to relax. Doing more squeezing exercises in this case can make symptoms worse. If you’re experiencing pain, pressure, difficulty with bowel movements, or pain during sex, please seek assessment before continuing with generic pelvic floor programmes.

 

When to progress

From 6–12 weeks, as your body heals and you receive clearance at your postnatal check, you can begin building intensity and duration. This is also the time to start thinking about returning to more demanding activity — we’ll cover running specifically in Q5.

 

✅  Clinical recommendation

Every woman who has given birth — regardless of delivery type, age, or symptom status — would benefit from a pelvic floor assessment with a specialist physiotherapist at or after 6-8 weeks postnatal. This is standard practice in France and many other countries, and something we advocate strongly for in the UK.

 

Q2  What is a Mummy MOT?

The term ‘Mummy MOT’ has become widely used, but it’s worth understanding exactly what it involves — and why it’s so valuable.

What it is

A Mummy MOT is a specialist postnatal assessment carried out by a trained women’s health physiotherapist, typically from around 6-8 weeks after birth, ideally after GP postnatal check. It’s a thorough, evidence-based review of your postnatal recovery that covers:

  • Pelvic floor muscle function — strength, coordination, relaxation and endurance
  • Abdominal muscle assessment — including checking for diastasis recti (tummy gap)
  • Posture, breathing and movement patterns
  • Scar tissue assessment (perineal or caesarean)
                                • Return-to-activity guidance based on your individual findings

 

Why it matters

The standard NHS 6- 8week postnatal check is carried out by a GP, and while valuable, it typically does not include a pelvic floor examination or musculoskeletal assessment. For many women, this means problems go undetected — sometimes for years.

Research suggests that up to 1 in 3 women experience pelvic floor dysfunction after childbirth, including urinary leakage, pelvic organ prolapse, or pain. The majority never seek help, often because they believe these symptoms are ‘normal’ or ‘just part of having a baby.’

They are common — but they are not inevitable, and they are treatable.

 

💬  A note from Tamara

In clinic, I see many women who have been silently managing symptoms for months or years before coming to see us. A Mummy MOT gives us the full picture of how your body is recovering — and means we can create a personalised plan to get you back to doing everything you love, safely and confidently.

 

When to book

We recommend booking your Mummy MOT from 6 – 8 weeks postnatal for vaginal deliveries, or from 8–10 weeks following a caesarean section, or after your GP postnatal check for both. However, assessments can be carried out at any point after this time — it is never too late to be assessed, even years after giving birth.

What’s includedWhat you’ll receive
60-minute one-to-one assessmentPersonalised exercise programme
Pelvic floor internal examination (with consent)Scar management advice if applicable
Diastasis recti checkGraded return-to-activity plan
Full movement & posture reviewReferral or onward support if needed

 

Q3  Why do I still look pregnant months after giving birth?

This is something many women worry about and feel embarrassed to ask. The good news is that there are clear physiological explanations — and in most cases, effective things you can do about it.

Your uterus needs time to involute

Immediately after birth, your uterus begins the process of involution — shrinking back towards its pre-pregnancy size. This takes approximately 6 weeks. During this period, a rounded lower abdomen is entirely normal and expected.

Abdominal muscles have been stretched

During pregnancy, the rectus abdominis muscles (your ‘six-pack’ muscles) are stretched apart to accommodate your growing baby. The connective tissue between them — the linea alba — widens in all pregnancies to some degree. This is called diastasis recti, which we cover in detail in Q4.

A persistent domed or coned appearance to the abdomen, particularly when sitting up or under exertion, is often a sign of diastasis recti that needs attention.

Skin and fascia laxity

The skin and deeper fascial layers of the abdomen have been under sustained stretch for nine months. Skin has limited elasticity after this level of sustained stretch, particularly with larger babies, multiple pregnancies, or when significant weight change has occurred. Some degree of laxity may remain permanently — and this is a completely normal part of having carried a baby.

Posture and muscle inhibition

Postnatal posture changes — often exacerbated by feeding positions, carrying, and sleep deprivation — can make the abdomen appear more prominent. When deep core muscles such as the transversus abdominis are not functioning optimally, the abdominal wall may have a more lax appearance.

Fluid retention

Some women retain fluid for several weeks postnatally, which can contribute to a swollen or puffy appearance across the abdomen and lower body. Staying well hydrated, moving gently, and elevating the legs when resting can help.

 

When to seek advice

If you are experiencing a persistent domed or asymmetric appearance to your abdomen, particularly when you cough, sneeze, or sit up, or if your abdomen feels weak or unsupported when you move, please book a postnatal physiotherapy assessment. These presentations can be assessed and treated effectively with the right guidance.

 

Q4  How do I close a tummy gap (diastasis recti)?

Diastasis recti — the separation of the rectus abdominis muscles — is one of the most searched postnatal topics, and also one of the most misunderstood. Here’s what you actually need to know.

First: what it is and isn’t

Diastasis recti is a widening of the inter-recti distance (IRD) — the space between the two columns of abdominal muscle. A small degree of separation is normal in all pregnancies. Clinically, we tend to consider a distance of 2cm or more, combined with impaired function of the connective tissue (poor tension and depth), as requiring intervention.

Crucially: the goal is not always to ‘close the gap.’ A narrow gap with poor tissue tension and function is more problematic than a slightly wider gap with good tension and load transfer. What matters most is how well the abdominal wall functions as a unit.

What makes it worse

Certain activities can place excessive load on the linea alba and impede recovery. In the early postnatal period, avoid:

  • Traditional sit-ups, crunches, or double-leg raises
  • Heavy lifting without breath and bracing technique
  • High-impact exercise before adequate healing
  • Planks and push-ups if you notice coning or doming of the midline

 

This doesn’t mean these exercises are permanently off-limits — it means timing and progression matter.

What helps

Recovery from diastasis recti is graduated and individual. A well-structured programme typically includes:

  • Breathing and deep core activation: learning to engage the transversus abdominis and coordinate breath with movement is the foundation of diastasis rehabilitation
  • Progressive loading: gradually reintroducing load through the core as tissue tension and function improve
  • Postural optimisation: addressing compensatory patterns that increase intra-abdominal pressure
  • Functional movement retraining: returning to everyday tasks — lifting, carrying, getting up from the floor — with optimal mechanics

 

Realistic expectations

With appropriate intervention, most women see significant functional improvement and reduction in gap width. However, some degree of laxity may remain — and this is not a failure. Many women with a measurable IRD have no functional symptoms whatsoever.

If you’ve been told you have diastasis recti, or if you notice the classic signs — coning at the midline, lower back pain, pelvic instability, or difficulty generating core tension — a specialist physiotherapy assessment will give you a clear, personalised plan.

 

📋  What to expect at a diastasis assessment

At Vitality Physiotherapy, we assess inter-recti distance, tissue quality (tension and depth), load transfer and abdominal function through movement. From this, we create a structured rehabilitation programme that progresses at the right pace for your body and your goals — whether that’s returning to yoga, lifting your toddler, or running a 10K.

 

Q5  Is it safe to run after having a baby?

Running is one of the most popular forms of exercise women want to return to after having a baby. And the answer to whether it’s safe is: yes — but with the right preparation, at the right time.

Why the timing matters

Running is a high-impact activity. Every stride loads the pelvic floor with forces of 1.5–2.5 times your body weight. This is a significant demand to place on tissues that are still recovering from pregnancy and birth.

The landmark guidelines published by specialist physiotherapists Groom, Donnelly and Brockwell — widely adopted in clinical practice — recommend that women wait until at least 12 weeks postnatal before returning to running, and that this return is graduated and symptom-guided.

Signs that you may not be ready

Before returning to running, you should be free of the following symptoms during everyday activity:

  • Urinary leakage (stress incontinence)
  • Pelvic heaviness, pressure, or bulging
  • Pelvic girdle or lower back pain
  • Abdominal coning or doming
  • Difficulty with single-leg activities such as stairs or walking

 

If any of these are present, these are signals to address the underlying issue before introducing running loads.

The readiness tests

Before beginning a return-to-run programme, you should comfortably be able to:

  1. Walk briskly for 30 minutes without symptoms
  2. Single-leg balance for 10 seconds each side
  3. 20 single-leg calf raises without discomfort
  4. 10 single-leg bridges on each side
  5. 20 forward bounds (low-impact hopping), symptom-free

 

Building back up

A graduated return-to-run programme — similar in structure to Couch to 5K — is the safest approach. Alternate running and walking, begin on softer surfaces, and pay close attention to any symptoms during or after sessions.

WeekSession structureSymptom check
11 min run / 2 min walk × 8Leakage, heaviness, pain?
22 min run / 2 min walk × 6Any new symptoms?
33 min run / 1 min walk × 6Confidence improving?
45 min run / 1 min walk × 5Continuous running felt ok?
5–610 min run / 1 min walk × 3Assess for full return

 

If symptoms occur during or within 24 hours of a run, step back one week in the programme and reassess. Persistent symptoms should prompt a physiotherapy review before continuing.

 

🏃  Running with a pelvic floor that’s ready

At Vitality Physiotherapy, we offer specialist return-to-running assessments that combine pelvic floor evaluation with a movement and gait screen. This gives you a clear picture of your readiness, a tailored programme, and the confidence to run without worrying about your symptoms. Whether you’re aiming for your first 5K or returning to half-marathon training, we can help you get there safely.

 

 

Ready to start your recovery properly?

Clinics in London (SE1) and Surrey (KT10 Esher)

Book a Mummy MOT or postnatal physiotherapy assessment

vitality-physio.co.uk

 

About the author

Tamara Figaji is an Associate Women’s Health Sports Physiotherapist at Vitality Physiotherapy, specialising in postnatal recovery, pelvic floor rehabilitation, and return-to-sport. She works with women at both the London (SE1) and Surrey (KT10 Esher) clinics.

 

The information in this article is for educational purposes and does not constitute individual medical advice. If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about your postnatal recovery, please book an assessment with a

 

Can AI Replace Your Physio?

Why a Real-Life Physiotherapist Beats an AI Rehab Plan for Back Pain

I recently encountered a post from a runner who shared how they achieved a marathon PB from using ChatGPT. It seemed convenient — quick, accessible, and of course, the running plan was free. When it comes to your back, there’s no substitute for a skilled Physiotherapist who can listen, see, feel, and adapt in real time. That’s the foundation of our learning in orthopaedic medicine.
Having mentored students over many years, I’ve learned that the best Physios listen well, remain curious, and make the complexities of pain less complicated.
Here’s why a real-life Physio beats ChatGPT and all its bot-friends:

Personalised Assessment

AI tools rely on what you type into the search bar, and as we have all discovered, the better the context you give, the better the answer. The problem is that you don’t know what you don’t know.
A Physio asks the important questions, not only the obvious ones, such as what aggravates your pain, but also the less obvious ones- like your lifestyle, nutritional, work, life, and social engagements.
Not only will a good Physio ask great questions, but they will also look critically at how you move. They observe posture, gait, strength, flexibility, breathing, and how your pain changes moment to moment.
Expert human observation is not confined to a singular moment, but is an evolving assessment and reassessment process that matches your needs. This observational cohort study in outpatient Physiotherapy clinics showed that just the history-taking and physical examination performed by physiotherapists produced statistically meaningful improvements in patient pain and function before any “treatment” was applied.

The focus: helping you reach your goals and to get back to doing the things you love. We can spot subtle problems — like pelvic imbalance, poor load transfer, trick movements, and compensations- that no algorithm can detect from text, photos, or even your Garmin data. (No disrespect intended to my favourite data platform.) Furtherore, a skilled practitioner puts you and your goals in the centre and shares in making the important decisions such as when it is best to return to sport.

Correct Diagnosis

Back pain can have many causes, ranging from disc irritation, joint stiffness, muscle spasms, nerve sensitivity, to stress, lifestyle, and even hormonal factors. It’s a nuanced condition. Your pain cannot be oversimplified as a change to your disc or spinal joints. Your back pain also reflects how well your body’s tissues can handle and adapt to the loads placed on them. A great Physio can test, palpate, and clinically reason through these factors. This ensures the plan targets what actually needs fixing.

Real-Time Feedback and Progression

AI gives static exercises, handouts, and guides- a fix-all, monochrome magic formula for everybody. A brilliant Physio provides coaching: correcting form, adjusting load, progressing safely. They lead you to prevent flare-ups and take you beyond what you think is possible. That’s the difference between just doing exercises and doing a targeted goal-oriented, effective, progressive rehab programme.

Holistic Support

Recovery isn’t just physical — it involves sleep, stress, work ergonomics, and movement habits
A real Physio connects all these dots, problem-solves their interconnectedness and helps you stay accountable.

Safety and Trust

If pain worsens or new symptoms appear, an AI can’t respond.
A Physio knows when to modify load (how heavy), mode (how far and what position), rep range and technique. Not only will they provide you with a plan, but they can also adapt it when needed, investigate further, or refer to another medical practitioner when needed.— keeping you safe.
AI can be a great tool for many things; we use it too in our clinics to help write notes and assist with administrative tasks, but it is always Physio-led. For lasting back pain recovery, nothing replaces our expert hands, eyes, clinical reasoning and yes, the trust relationship.
Ready to experience Physio-led care that truly makes a difference? Book your session today and start your path to lasting recovery.

The 5 best exercises for lower back pain in pregnancy

Struggling with back pain in pregnancy? Need to know what exercises to do?

Having a baby can be joyful and daunting at the same time.

The thrills and spills of every trimester bring new challenges and new opportunities to experience the delight of motherhood.

But with all of the joys that come with pregnancy, there can also be a range of pregnancy-related physical changes and symptoms that can be tricky to overcome.

One of the most common complaints is back pain in pregnancy.

This article gives you 5 pilates-based exercises to help you ease your discomfort and feel more mobile so you can get on with your day with less pain.

How pilates exercises help for back pain in pregnancy

Clinical Pilates can help you:

  • Prevent pain
  • Maintain strength
  • Reduce stress
  • Decrease your risk of developing diastasis recti (tummy gap) and pelvic floor problems

Best of all, it’s fun and shown to improve the pregnancy experience in women too!

These low-impact exercises (no bounding or jumping) offer significant benefits, including enhancing your breathing, and helping you build and maintain strength throughout your pregnancy.

This can help prepare your body for carrying your baby and support your recovery after birth, regardless of whether you have a vaginal delivery or caesarean section.

More upsides to Pilates are that you can do it with or without equipment and it’s very versatile. So you can adapt it to your needs and abilities as you progress through your recovery.

At our clinics, we offer clinical pilates sessions tailored to your condition using props when necessary, such at the Pilates ring and Swiss ball.

Although we may use props to enhance the impact of the exercises in clinic, we also show you how to do your exercises at home without any equipment. So you can practice them as regularly as you like.

How to do these pregnancy exercises safely when you have back pain

In the video below you’ll see the top 5 exercises we recommend for pregnant patients experiencing back pain.

Before you do the exercises, it’s important to keep these precautions in mind so you don’t worsen your pain or cause further injury:

  • Ensure you have enough floorspace and room around you for performing the exercises.
  • Listen to your body; don’t push through pain. If something doesn’t feel right, take a break, or skip the exercise.
  • Try not to look at the screen while you’re doing the exercises. It can affect your balance and may hurt your neck. Instead, watch the demonstration then pause it. Do the exercise, then go back and continue to the next one.

 

 

Tips for getting these pregnancy back pain exercises right (and why they work)

Exercise 1: Lateral breathing

Lateral breathing will:

  •  Enhance your joint position sense (proprioception)
  •  Increase your lung capacity (how much air your lungs can hold)
  •  Lengthen your spine
  •  Condition your deep abdominal muscles (core)

Exercise 2: Thoracic rotation

Thoracic rotation is key to reducing lower back pain because it helps stabilise and strengthen your lower back muscles, which take on more and more load as your baby grows.

The trick is keeping your waist and hips facing forward, while your ribs and shoulders rotate around your central axis.

Exercise 3: Quadruped hip hinge

A crucial skill to master to prevent lower back pain and control it when it flares, is being able to move your hips without moving your pelvis.

In pregnancy, your pelvic ligaments can become more mobile as a result of hormonal and weight distribution changes. This can cause your pelvis to lose some of its support functions and resulting in lower back pain.

This exercise helps add extra support in your pelvis while moving your hips.

Exercise 4: Quadruped lateral rotation

Similarly to exercise 2, here we focus on opening the chest, whilst keeping the lower back stable.

Notice the difference between stabilising the pelvis here and during exercise 2: Which one did you find easier?

Exercise 5: Semi supine pelvic rotation

This is the most challenging exercise (that’s why it comes last).

As you shift your weight from the left to the right side of your pelvis, focus on maintaining a neutral curve in your back.

Imagine your tailbone always being the heaviest point, with a sense of lightness in the lower back.

Keeping the two sides of your pelvis aligned (without dropping one half during the rotation) helps to strengthen the pelvic ligaments and balances out the pregnancy-related changes mentioned above.

Conclusion

These exercises will help you enjoy your pregnancy more by reducing your back pain. They work by improving your posture and keeping your pelvic floor and deep abdominal muscles strong and functional well.

Things to remember:

  • Make sure to practice these exercises regularly so your muscles remain balanced throughout your pregnancy.
  • Exercises should feel comfortable and no movement should be too difficult – always modify where necessary!
  • If you still experience pain or the exercises aren’t getting easier after a few weeks, you may need a hands-on physiotherapy assessment and individual treatment to get to the root of your problem and heal it.

If you’re experiencing back pain after pregnancy, our Mummy MOT sessions can help you identify the causes.

Need some help getting started or progressing with these exercises?

Prefer to see a specialist physiotherapist in person to assess and treat your pain properly?

Book an appointment with us today and we’ll help you get back on your feet as soon as possible and feeling like yourself again in no time.

Back pain in pregnancy

The third trimester promises that the fulfillment of the joys of pregnancy is imminent. Your little bundle of love is almost ready to arrive on dry land to say “hello world”.  Now, the second trimester brought with it the fun days of nesting, energy, glowing skin (for some) a nice, neat bump to be proud of. Your forte was planning and organising, everything was peachy.  However, with less than three months to go something seems to be going to pot. Yes, I have been there too! As a mom of two, I can totally relate to the tricky third trimester where back pain is prevalent amongst many pregnant women (every second one of us).  

Back pain can be experienced in all stages of pregnancy. Often regarded as a self-limiting problem, many women are left in the dark to scrounge around the internet to find some solutions. It DOES NOT have to be this way. But first, let’s clear up a few important facts about back pain in pregnancy: 

 Not ALL back pain in pregnancy is self-limiting. You should see a doctor immediately if the following occurs: 

  • You’re unable to pass urine 
  • You have a complete loss of bowel or bladder control 
  • Unremitting (day and night) severe back pain 
  • Numbness in the groin, genitals, and bottom 
  • Sudden unexplained weight loss 

The above is not that common (about 2% of pregnancies).  However, NEVER ignore them!  They could be as a result of a concerning condition called Cauda Equina syndrome.  Your spinal cord may be compressed which may result in permanent nerve damage. You should seek a surgical opinion in A&E as a matter of priority. 

So, what causes back pain in pregnancy? 

Back pain is complex and multidimensional, yes even in pregnancy. Our beliefs, lifestyle, habits, diet, health, sleeping, resting, exercise and emotions can influence it.  

The obvious scapegoat is the cocktail of hormones to many an expectant mom in pain. I felt so guilty, when I was sick, in pain, or could not sleep at night because I was meant to be endlessly grateful for the hormones giving my growing baby all the best to expect in Chez Utero.  

What do hormones do for us?

If our brain was the mothership for all human conscious and unconscious processing, our endocrine system would certainly be the first commander for all missions. The entire development of the baby from when they are simply two cells with ½ the DNA each on a mission to unite, divide, thrive, and conquer is controlled by hormones. In the early stages,  

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is responsible for the growth of eggs in the ovaries. 

hCG (Human chorionic gonadotrophin) is a hormone produced by the cells that surround the early embryo and can be detected in the urine after as little as 7-9 days after fertilisation.  Over the counter pregnancy tests reveal the presence of this hormone and hence whether you are pregnant. Those cells that produce hCG go on to form the placenta. 

Oestrogen 

Not only is a female’s sexual development and menstrual cycle, but this hormone is also the wonder hormone that protects bones and joints. Oestrogen not only helps the uterus grow but maintains uterine lining too, but acts as an important, regulator for other hormones. Oestrogen also helps the development of baby’s organs. This powerful hormone also causes pregnant women to have a stuffy nose and causes hyperpigmentation patches on the skin. 

Progesterone  

Progesterone helps to regulate the menstrual cycle, and in pregnancy, helps thicken the lining of the uterus. The lining is like a soft cushion ready for a fertilised egg. The ovaries usually produce progesterone but when pregnancy occurs, higher levels are produced by the placenta. Progesterone together with, relaxin are on a common mission to prepare the mom’s anatomy for later pregnancy and eventually labour.  They help soften ligaments and cartilage, and make a mom’s joints more pliable and mobile to allow for the growth of your little one.

Relaxin 

I remember when I first read about this hormone as a 4th year Physiotherapy student, I was convinced it was an oversimplified and convenient name for a hormone, (akin to renaming the uterus- the womb). But no, it is indeed the scientific name and relaxin meets the full expectation of what it sounds like. Over each trimester it “relaxes” or softens your ligaments and joints in preparation for labour. However, because the hormone is released into your circulatory system, it does not only affect the pelvis but the entire body, making joints more mobile. It can sometimes cause you to feel unbalanced too. In the third trimester, relaxin also softens widens, and lengthens the cervix.  

Oxytocin 

Dubbed as the love hormone, oxytocin has been found to be present in higher volumes in people in the early stages of romantic attachment.   The warm fuzzy feelings like trust, security, and contentment are linked to oxytocin too. In pregnancy, it is mostly known for stimulating labour contractions. Once your little baby has been born, it helps mobilise milk into the breasts and also aids with decreasing the size of the uterus.  

 Watch this handy video about what hormones do in pregnancy:

Biomechanics 

The incredible multiplication of cells is complex, beautiful, genetically predetermined. This astounding process mind-blowing to say the least is so rapid, with profound changes in ligament laxity and an enlargening uterus. Your centre of gravity moves forward, a lot!  So, the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint have to work harder to withstand these changes and increase in load. Let’s put this in context. According to Yousuf et al. 2011, the angle of the thoracic spine curvature increased by 12% between 12 and 22 weeks and increased by a total of 24% between 12 and 32 weeks.  They also found that the lumbar spine curvature increased by 18% between 12 and 22 weeks and by a total of 41% between 12 and 32 weeks.  The human spine is robust and responsive to change, however, these rapid changes in the spinal curvature can sometimes cause overload, and if the supporting muscles and structures are not robust and strong enough, it will cause a failure of the tissues, and can cause a strain on discs, facet joints and the sacroiliac joint too.  

 Similarly, as the baby grows in size, the abdominal muscles stretch and lose their effectiveness as dynamic stabilisers of the lower back too. Sometimes the muscles can separate (diastasis recti) which can cause an inefficiency in the way your back and sacroiliac joint tolerates load and can cause pain too.

Weight gain

Have you heard the urban legends and old wife’s tales before?  

 “Eat what you want- you’ll lose it when you give birth” 

“The baby will keep you busy and the weight will fall off” 

“Keep eating, the baby gets it all” 

 

There are others too, some so ridiculous, I cannot even bear to type them!  According to a 2020 study, women with a Gestational weight gain (GWG of ≥15 kg) had a higher prevalence of persistent lower back pain. But why? The reason may not be as simple or obvious. The reality is that our spines are strong, robust, and resilient and can withstand load. We will keep reminding you of this because there are far too many worry mongers out there spreading false information.  In 2014, researchers found that BMI (body mass index) did contribute to back pain but did not necessarily cause structural changes in the spine. However, increases in adipose (fat) tissue may cause metabolic changes that could be responsible for back pain. In patients with a BMI over 30 overexpressed pro-inflammatory cytokines are present. Those increased levels of cytokines are considered to be the link between obesity and inflammation.  

Why should you avoid obesity in pregnancy?

Elevated levels of chronic inflammation can cause and detrimentally increase leptin in the body. Leptin is a hormone in the body, secreted by fat cells that helps us regulate our body’s energy. Too much leptin will stop your hypothalamus from knowing when it is full. (The hypothalamus is in the middle of the brain and lets us know when we are full and satisfied by food, or thirsty) The more fat cells that we have the more leptin your body will make. So, too much leptin means not knowing when you are actually full! Therefore, again we can see that maintaining a healthy BMI during pregnancy will help you know when you have eaten the correct amount of food!

 

Stress and anxiety 

Pregnancy is a life-changing life moment and can come with a rollercoaster of emotions, highs, lows, even the expected. Birth stories, the financial considerations of preparation for your little one, changing family dynamics, the impact on relationships can all set your mind racing. Everybody responds differently to stress, some of us need it to motivate us and some of us suffer negative consequences. A recent study amongst healthcare workers showed that psychological stress increased the incidence of lower back pain. There’s plenty of evidence in good-quality research about the negative effect that stress has on back pain. Pain is complex and has many dimensions and should not be oversimplified. There are so many contributing factors! Perceptions, history, and social factors also play an important part. We call this the biopsychosocial framework. A complex model demonstrates that pain is complex and multi-factorial. I prefer calling it the patient-centered approach. What we need to understand is that pain has many influences and that a variety of psychological and social factors not only affect back pain but also can impact your life, and function.  

Survival of the fittest, does stress really need us to react this way?

Stress, can raise your body’s resting cortisol, stimulate, and exhaust your fight or flight system (sympathetic nervous system) and perpetuate pain. The stress associated with having a baby and the chemicals associated with that can then make it easier for future stresses to bring on pain. It becomes a bit like a trigger such as a piece of music or a fragrance that can remind you of a specific moment in your life. Inevitably over time, this can change the way the body behaves. Eventually, this can actually cause a depletion of serotonin (happy hormones). 

 

 

We live in a stressful world, so what?

Stress is a normal part of life. It is not the stress that is bad but our response to that stress. If you have a big increase in stress or something has changed in your life where it’s harder to cope with stress, then stress can increase your sensitivity and can increase your chance of having pain. Not only is stress (and stress tolerance) related to the persistence of pain, it is also related to how we recover. Prominent levels of stress can impair our recovery from physically taxing components of our lives. Sometimes a  stressful or traumatic event can cause us pain. That stress and the chemicals associated with that can then make it easier for future stress to trigger pain.  Has a song or smell ever brought a memory back to your mind? So too can a stressful moment trigger pain.  It does not mean that you are weaker or have injured or re-injured yourself! All it means is that you have a heightened sensitivity  and it’s easier for normal life stressors to trigger a pain response. 

Lack of sleep 

Sleep is protective. It helps us to both heal recover. A powerful desensitizer, often more potent than medicines. It builds our tolerance to all the things that can sensitize us. Lack of sleep (less than 7 hours for some) or interrupted sleep can sensitize you. So, perhaps your pain should be 1/10 but consistently missing sleep amplifies that pain to 4/10. . Lower levels of sleep have been linked with both increases in injury (e.g stress factors in athletes or the military) and increases in pain related to changes in the nervous system’s sensitivity. In his book “Why we sleep” by Matthew Walker, shares  two of his sleep studies- one online and the other in a sleep lab. Walker shows how sleep deprivation and poor quality sleep affect the brain and how we perceive pain.

Does a lack of sleep make you feel grumpy?

Walker found that there was increased activity in the pain centres of the brain (the somatosensory cortex) and not to our surprise, decreased activity in the reward seeking part of the brain (nucleus accumbens) . Dopamine, the “feel-good hormone” is a neurotransmitter. It’s associated with satisfaction, pleasure, and rewards. Eating a delicious meal, winning a game or helping someone in need caused a  surge of dopamine in the brain! Dopamine helps obtain goals, through the feelings of  pleasure-reward  and also helps us avoid unpleasant or painful stimuli. So, a lack of sleep caused decreased levels of dopamine and hence explains the misery we often feel when we lack sleep.

What is pain sensitivity and what does it do?

Another key brain region found to slow down in the sleep-deprived brain was the insula, which evaluates pain signals and prepares the body to respond. Even small changes in sleep patterns showed changes in pain sensitivity. This means that even slightly less sleep in a night showed that patients experienced higher levels of pain the next day. The self-preserving part of the brain analyses pain and picks our own body’s painkillers to kick in to help. However, a lack of sleep causes this mechanism to not work as efficiently. 

 

 

It’s really important to us at Vitality Physio to debunk myths and give answers to our patients about their pain. We will empower you to understand, manage, cure, and prevent injury.  Book with us for a free chat about your back pain and we can advise the best ways to help! Whichever stage of pregnancy you’re at, you can count on us to help you with your back pain. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ACL injuries in football

ACL Injuries in Football: What You Need to Know — and How to Get Back on the Pitch

An ACL injury is one of the most feared diagnoses in football. The crack, the instant instability, the sinking feeling — and then the long road ahead. But here’s what we know: with the right rehab, most players return to the game they love. This article covers everything you need to understand about ACL injuries — what causes them, what recovery looks like, and what it takes to get back on the pitch safely.

What Is the ACL — and Why Does It Matter?

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of connective tissue that connects your tibia (shin bone) to your femur (thigh bone) inside the knee. It does two critical jobs.

Mechanical stability: it stops your tibia from sliding forward on your femur and controls rotational forces through the knee.

Sensory signalling: the ACL is densely packed with nerve receptors that act as a data centre for your brain, relaying real-time information about your knee’s position, tension, and movement as you run, jump, twist, and change direction.

When the ACL is damaged, you lose both. The knee feels unstable. Your brain loses the fine-grained feedback it relies on to coordinate movement. That’s why ACL rehab isn’t just about rebuilding strength — it’s about retraining the whole neuromuscular system.

How Do ACL Injuries Happen in Football?

Not how you might think. A landmark 2020 study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine examined 134 ACL injuries in elite football players and found:

  • 44% were non-contact injuries
  • 44% were indirect contact injuries
  • Only 12% involved direct contact to the knee

That’s 88% of injuries with no direct blow to the knee. So what’s actually causing them?

The mechanics of injury

The most common triggers were:

  • Pressing (47%): the high-intensity movement to win the ball from an opponent
  • Being tackled (20%): defensive body contact while in possession
  • Kicking and balance (16%): maintaining stability during or after a strike
  • Landing from a jump (7%): particularly on one leg with rotational forces

A key finding was mechanical perturbation — when a player’s upper body is bumped or pulled while their lower body is planted on the ground, the resulting twisting force through the knee dramatically increases ACL injury risk. Pressing, tackling, and defensive actions are all high-risk moments, not because players are colliding knee-to-knee, but because of the aggressive whole-body movement interactions involved.

The high-risk position: dynamic knee valgus

The most common mechanism of injury is dynamic knee valgus — where the knee collapses inward as the hip rotates internally and the foot is planted. This position places enormous stress on the ACL. It’s most likely to occur during deceleration, landing, or a rapid change of direction. It can also happen subtly during pressing and tackling when the player is off-balance.

Identifying and correcting this movement pattern is a cornerstone of both ACL rehab and injury prevention.

Timing: when in the match do injuries happen?

The same 2020 BJSM study found that 25% of all ACL injuries occurred in the first 15 minutes of the match — before fatigue can be blamed. This matters because it shifts the conversation away from ‘the player was tired’ and towards readiness: how prepared is the neuromuscular system at kick-off?

Proper warm-up, cognitive readiness, and pre-match activation are not optional extras. They are injury prevention.

A Note on Female Athletes

Example of dynamic valgus load on knee.

Female footballers face a significantly higher risk of ACL injury than their male counterparts — estimates range from two to eight times higher, depending on the sport and study. Contributing factors include differences in hormonal fluctuation across the menstrual cycle, biomechanical differences in landing patterns, and neuromuscular control. At Vitality Physiotherapy, our team has specific expertise in female athlete ACL rehab and prevention — something we factor into every programme we design.

Is an ACL Tear Career-Ending?

“Be patient, don’t cut corners, and do everything the Physio tells you.” — Alan Shearer CBE

No. And there’s compelling evidence to back that up.

A widely cited study reported that 83% of athletes return to professional sport following ACL reconstruction. The key variable isn’t the injury itself — it’s the quality of the rehabilitation.

Consider Alan Shearer. On Boxing Day 1992, playing for Blackburn Rovers against Leeds United, he ruptured his ACL in the first half — and didn’t realise it. He went on to score twice in a 3-1 win. After surgery and a structured rehab programme, he returned the following season to score 31 goals in 40 games. He credits that return to one principle: do the work, follow your physio, don’t rush it.

The players who struggle to return are, more often than not, those who return too soon — before their knee is truly ready.

How Long Does ACL Rehab Take?

The standard timeframe is 9 months — but this is a minimum, not a target. Virgil van Dijk returned at 9 months after his 2020 injury. Others take 12–18 months to reach full competitive fitness. The timeline depends on:

  • Whether you had surgery or are managing conservatively
  • The extent of any associated injuries (meniscus, other ligaments)
  • Your pre-injury fitness level
  • How consistently and intelligently you complete your rehab
  • Your neuromuscular readiness — not just structural healing

The research is clear: returning at 9 months carries a significantly lower re-injury risk than returning at 6 months. Every week of quality rehab reduces that risk. There is no shortcut that doesn’t cost you later.

What Does ‘Ready to Return’ Actually Mean?

Football ACL injury infographic by Vitality Physiotherapy

Return to football infographic by Vitality Physiotherapy

Return-to-play is not a date on a calendar. It’s a decision made by a team — athlete, physiotherapist, surgeon, coach, and sometimes a sports psychologist — using objective data. Here’s what that looks like in practice.

The athlete

Do you trust your knee? Can you commit to a tackle, a sprint, a jump — without hesitation or fear? Psychological readiness is not a nice-to-have. Fear of re-injury is one of the strongest predictors of not returning to pre-injury performance levels. Your inner voice matters as much as your single-leg hop score.

The physiotherapist

Your physio needs to see objective evidence of readiness across multiple domains:

  • Strength and power: can you achieve 90%+ limb symmetry on strength testing?
  • Hop testing battery: single leg vertical hop, forward hop, timed 6m hop, triple hop, triple crossover hop, lateral hop, medial hop, and their rotational variants. This isn’t an arbitrary list — each test assesses a different demand of football movement.
  • Neuromuscular control: reaction times, adaptability under fatigue, dynamic balance
  • Movement quality: can you decelerate, change direction, and land without compensating?

The surgeon

Structural integrity matters. Your surgeon will assess graft healing, range of movement, and whether the reconstructed ACL has the mechanical properties required for full sport. A happy surgeon means a structurally sound knee — but structural soundness alone is not clearance to play.

The coach

Pitch-based performance has to match the test results. Can you accelerate and decelerate at full speed? Change direction under pressure? Jump and land when required? React to a ball coming at you unpredictably? Return to training is the bridge between rehab and competition — it shouldn’t be skipped.

The role of cognitive training

A 2021 study found that cognitive skills, reaction time, and processing speed are significant factors in preventing ACL re-injury. This is why progressive, evidence-based ACL rehab includes reactive drills — small-sided games, decision-making under pressure, gates games, possession exercises. The nervous system needs to be retrained, not just the muscles.

Physical fitness without cognitive and neuromuscular readiness is a re-injury waiting to happen.

The Final Whistle

An ACL tear is not relegation. It is a significant injury — but it is one that, with the right support and the right approach, most players recover from fully.

The players who come back stronger are the ones who take the rehab seriously, trust the process, and resist the temptation to rush. There are no shortcuts — but there is a clear path.

At Vitality Physiotherapy, we have the clinical experience, the protocols, and the team to take you from injury to full return to football — whether you’re playing Sunday league or semi-professionally. We work across our Southwark (SE1) and Esher (KT10) clinics, and we’d love to support your recovery.

Want to talk through your injury? Book a free 15-minute call with one of our ACL specialists — from the convenience of home.

Call us: 020 7193 9928

Email: info@vitality-physio.co.uk

References

Della Villa F et al. (2020). Football ACL injuries reloaded. British Journal of Sports Medicine Blog.

Ardern CL et al. (2018). Return to sport following ACL reconstruction. British Journal of Sports Medicine.

Grooms D et al. (2021). Cognitive and neurological contributors to ACL re-injury. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy.

 

 

ACL injuries

 

We've all come across a friend or famous athlete who has had their season cut short through an ill-timed knee twist and alongside the dreaded "popping" sound. When this happens, it can be daunting.  

Understanding ACL injury and knowing what steps to take to recover will help you get back to the sport you love sooner. As mentioned in our ACL tear article, the ACL is one of the main ligaments controlling the stability of your knee, and injuries to the ACL occur more frequently in sports involving landing and pivoting actions like football, netball, or skiing.   

Diagnosis of ACL Injuries 

 The Lachman Test 

John Lachman (1919-2007) was an orthopaedic surgeon at Temple University in Philadelphia who invented the technique. It's considered the most reliable way to diagnose an ACL injury. It is used by Physios and Surgeons the world over.  

How is the Lachman test performed? 

The Lachman test is performed like this: 

  1. Lie flat on your back. Relaxed, with legs straight. 
  2. Your Physio places your knee in a slightly bent (and sometimes rotated) position. 
  3. One hand is on the back of your lower leg (just under your knee joint), and the other is on the front of your thigh. 
  4. They then pull your shin forwards firmly while stabilising your thigh.

 Why do we do the Lachman test?  

 To measure the endpoint and joint laxity.  

The endpoint is where the end of the joint movement is felt as the shin is pulled forward. If this endpoint feels further away than what's expected, then this may indicate an injured ACL.  

 Joint laxity is the general feel of your joint movement and the sense of how lax (or loose) your ACL feels compared to your other knee.  

 

Grading ACL tears with the Lachman test: 

  • Normal. There's no difference in movement or laxity between your left and right knees. 
  • Mild (grade 1). There's slightly more (about 2-5mm) movement than in your other knee. 
  • Moderate (grade 2). There's moderately more (about 5 to 10 mm) movement than in your other knee. 
  • Severe (grade 3). There's much more (10 to 15 mm) movement than in your other knee. 

 

Because we're all different and have varying baselines of "stiffness", the test should be done on your other leg too. This will give the Physio an accurate idea of what's typical for your joint.  

Anatomy of the L knee showing a ruptured ACL

The Pivot Shift test 

How is the pivot shift test performed? 

 1. Lie flat on your back. Relaxed, with legs straight.  

2. The Physio places one hand on your heel and the other just below the outer side of your knee.  

3. They apply pressure to the outside of your knee while internally rotating your lower leg and bending and straightening your knee. 

 The test is positive if your lower leg sinks backward when the knee is bent at 30-40 degrees. Sometimes a 'clunk' can be heard when this happens. 

 

Treatment options for ACL tears 

 There are two treatment options for an ACL injury: Conservative or surgical management.  

 Your age, previous injury, and fitness and rehab goals should be considered when deciding the best route to follow.  

  

Conservative management 

Conservative or non-surgical management involves a period of Physiotherapy treatment to restore your knee function to pre-injury level.  

 Surgical management 

Having ACL surgery usually requires a minimum of 9 months of rehab tailored towards getting you back into your sport.  This may sound like a long time, but returning to sport too early can have negative implications. Mainly increasing your risk of re-injury.  

 

ACL Surgery  

What surgery is there for ACL tears, and what you can expect? 

 The most common type of ACL surgery is a reconstruction of a new tendon called a graft.  This is typically a minimally invasive procedure done via keyhole surgery using an arthroscope (a small camera through which your surgeon passes tiny surgical instruments).  First, the damaged ACL is removed, and then the graft is attached in its place. There are different types of grafts. They include:   

  • Autografts - Formed from tissues taken from another part of your body (like tendon tissue strands from your hamstring or patella tendon)  
  • Allograft - Formed from tissues taken from another person's body 
  • Synthetic - Formed from an artificial source or donor. 

 Rehab is paramount to your ACL recovery (with or without surgery) . Without rehab, ACL surgery is meaningless. All the top knee surgeons agree.  Your ACL rehab determines the success of your recovery. We recommend an evidence-based programme that's divided into four progressive phases. In our experience, this process takes 9 to 18 months to complete.  

Phase 1: Restore knee extension and reduce swelling  

Immediately after sustaining your injury or after your surgery, the muscles around your knee may feel weak, and your joint may be swollen and painful. In addition, you may not be able to completely straighten your knee.  During this stage of your recovery, the aim is to reduce swelling and pain and get your knee completely straight again. This phase typically takes 2-3 weeks.  

  

Phase 2: Strength & Neuromuscular control  

 After you've passed the criteria to move onto phase 2, the fun stuff begins!  You'll introduce a new set of exercises, including squats, lunges, leg presses, and more. These will continue throughout your rehab programme, becoming more complex as you advance through the various stages. 

  

Phase 3: Plyometrics 

After passing all the phase 2 criteria, you can ramp up the fun a little more and start introducing hopping, jumping, landing, and running movements.  These sport-specific functional activities need to be retrained for your to safely return to your sport.  

  

Phase 4: Return to Sport  

Until this moment you have been working towards Phase 1-3.  Before you get back to your sport, you and your Physiotherapist should discuss how and plan how you will do it.  

  

General guidelines for ACL rehab 

  • Follow each phase-specific exercise and test and only move on to the next phase once you have mastered the current one. 
  • You need to achieve your rehab goals in the correct order to ensure you fully recover. 
  • If you stop or skip steps in your rehab, you can worsen your current injury or increase your chances of re-injury when you eventually return to your sport.   

 

Conclusion 

Now that you know how to get a diagnosis, choose the proper treatment, and understand the rehab process better, you can move on from your ACL injury in the right direction. Yes, the rehabilitation process is long and requires dedication and patience. But, with the right team supporting you, your progress can be smoother, and it can be a whole lot more fun! 

 

Our highly experienced and knowledgeable Physiotherapists can get you where you want to be. So, call us now and put your ACL recovery planning in our hands! 

Knee Pain

 

Knee pain is common. For some, the simple activities of daily living such as walking or climbing stairs can become cumbersome when your knee hurts. For others a niggle in the knee can deteriorate and adversely affect sporting performance. There are many causes of knee pain, so it is important for you to know what is causing the pain. There are however some common themes that occur with most types of knee pain.

Why does my knee hurt?

The knee is comprised of many structures including ligaments (connects bones together) tendons (attach muscles to bone) and cartilage (the connective tissue between bones). Most injuries in this area are caused by multiple problems over a long period of time- this could include muscular weakness, overuse, direct trauma or even lifestyle factors.  

Most patients say that when their knee hurts, they tend to want to do less activity as more activity requires bearing extra load through the knees.  Otherwise simple activities such as climbing the stairs or even going on a run can feel scary.  Often, it leads to us searching for answers by having x-rays or scans.  Sometimes a scan can look really scary, and sometimes we are told that we have “bone rubbing on bone” or our cartilage has “completely gone”. This can increase fear and further reduce activity and weight bearing through the knee. 

However, just like we all get wrinkles or grey hair, age related chages to our knees are inevitable. Researchers now believe that inactivity is a major contributor to age-related diseases and disabilities, and that regular exercise can reduce or reverse those risks.

What should I do if I have knee pain?  

Most knee pain can be treated through a graded rehab programme. Typically, this consists of a combination of strength training, education and a good understanding of how to implement your programme.  It is important to have a supervised programme so that you know exactly where to start and know exactly how you are going to progress over the course of the rehab programme.  

When we strengthen the muscle around our knees we increase our knee’s ability to withstand the load that we tend to put on them on a daily basis.

FUN FACT:  Forces transmitted across the knee joint during normal walking range between 2 and 3 times body weight!

This makes them much less likely to experience pain in the future. Over recent times we have seen a huge body of evidence to suggest that an 8-12 week exercise programme can significantly reduce knee pain and symptom progression.  

What Should I Do Now?  

  • Seek out advice from a healthcare professional who understands knee pain and is up to date with the current research.
  • As mentioned before, scans are not always needed, and scans often do not correlate with the pain you are experiencing. 
  • Begin strength training with the supervision of a healthcare professional.  
  • Other factors to consider are sleep, diet and body weight- all of which can contribute to pain and pain sensitivity.  

 Here are some great simple knee exercises to try at home: